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The Gordian knot of these intertwined challenges doesn’t seem to faze industry leaders, though. Vitalik Buterin recently tweeted his optimism regarding the pace of development towards a “smooth user experience across the entire ethereum-verse,” while Jayant Krishnamurthy, CTO of Douro Labs, which is a core contributor to decentralized oracle network Pyth , believes that the ecosystem is already accommodating new paradigms. He says: “Many projects have aligned their tech stacks to support a multi-layer, multi-chain world. For instance, Pyth uses a hub-and-spoke model for data distribution, providing a uniform experience for users and developers across various environments. Similarly, Wormhole and other bridge solutions facilitate fast and reliable asset transfers across different Layer 2 networks. As these solutions continue to iterate, evolve, and improve, the risk of fragmentation should decrease, making interoperability easier.” However, he also remains circumspect about the fact that many of these challenges are likely to remain in the longer term, adding: “Fragmentation into multiple layer 1s and 2s is inevitable – it’s the simplest solution to provide more bandwidth (transactions per second) for users. A layer is just a big computer, like a mainframe in web2. In the same way that mainframes didn’t scale to meet user demand for compute in web2, a single layer won’t scale in web3.” So layers are here to stay, a necessary function of the fact that more users necessitate more infrastructure. A key question will be: how can the ecosystem shift from being one that’s continually chasing the tail of its own problems to one that can deliver the features and functionality users and developers need without creating more issues?